Moreover, hydrolysis and first-pass metabolism by the intestinal microbiota also reduce its systemic levels (Wang et al., 2014)
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The identified metabolic biomarkers not only provide insights into the metabolic consequences of GHD but also have potential clinical applications in humans
Potential application of small molecules in immunomodulatory drugs Several small molecule immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) (e.g., aminosalicylates, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate) have been historically used for the management of inflammatory conditions, including IBD (Yeshi et al., 2020)
(2) Inflammatory reprogramming via mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with anti-inflammatory miR-21, which target circulating platelet-monocyte aggregates post-MI/Rmembrane fusion enables direct monocyte delivery, reprogramming inflammatory macrophages toward reparative phenotypes [108]